Proto Kivian: Difference between revisions
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# /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as ''h₂'' and ''g'' respectively. | # /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as ''h₂'' and ''g'' respectively. | ||
# /h/ is transcribed as ''h₁''. | # /h/ is transcribed as ''h₁''. | ||
# Labialised consonants are written as a consonant with a w following it. | |||
Allophone Notes: | Allophone Notes: | ||
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|iː | |iː | ||
|u | |u | ||
|uː | |||
| | | | ||
| | |ĩ | ||
| | |ĩː | ||
| | |ũ | ||
| | |ũː | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 119: | Line 120: | ||
|eː æː | |eː æː | ||
| | | | ||
|oː | |||
|oːː | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |õː | ||
| | |õːː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|ɑ | |||
|ɑː | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |ɑ̃ | ||
| | |ɑ̃ː | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Transcription Notes: | |||
# Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā). | |||
# Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą). | |||
# /æː/ is represented by ''ē'' while /eː/ is represented by ''ē₁.'' | |||
# Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô). | |||
The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence of them comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions. | |||
Latest revision as of 12:40, 3 December 2025
Proto Kivian (Reska: Ealke Tanlausend [ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd], Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, tanlausenti (ˈtɑnlɑuseːndi)) is the common ancestor of the Kivian Languages. It was spoken by the Kivian People in the Reskan Peninsula from -2150 to -1500. Proto Kivian is attested through thousands of runic inscriptions that provide linguists a near-complete understanding of the language.
Phonology
Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate level 2 (low-allophonic) reconstruction of the language’s sounds through analysis of the phonology of modern dialects of Kivian languages.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Labialised | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | (ŋʷ) | ||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | (g) | xʷ | (gʷ) | ||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | (β) | θ | (ð) | s | z | x | ɣ | ɣʷ | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | (l̥)? | l | j | w | ||||||||||
Transcription Notes:
- /ɸ/ is transcribed as f.
- /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as h₂ and g respectively.
- /h/ is transcribed as h₁.
- Labialised consonants are written as a consonant with a w following it.
Allophone Notes:
- /b/ was (β) medially unless after /m/.
- /d/ was (ð) medially unless after /n/ or /l/.
- /ɣ/ was (g) after /n/.
- /ɣʷ/ was (gʷ) after /n/.
- /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/.
- /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/
- The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages.
Vowels
| Oral | Nasal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |||||||
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Overlong | Short | Long | Short | Long | Overlong | |
| Close | i | iː | u | uː | ĩ | ĩː | ũ | ũː | ||
| Mid | e | eː æː | oː | oːː | õː | õːː | ||||
| Open | ɑ | ɑː | ɑ̃ | ɑ̃ː | ||||||
Transcription Notes:
- Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).
- Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).
- /æː/ is represented by ē while /eː/ is represented by ē₁.
- Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).
The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence of them comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.