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'''Proto Kivian''' ([[Reska]]: Ealke Tanlausend [[Reproka Phonetic Alphabet|[ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd]]]<!-- TODO - SCRIPT
'''Proto Kivian''' ([[Reska]]: Ealke Tanlausend [[Reproka Phonetic Alphabet|[ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd]]]<!-- TODO - SCRIPT
  -->, Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, [[RUNICINSCRIPTIONPLACEHOLDER|tanlausenti]] //ˈtɑnlɑuseːndi//) is the common ancestor of the [[Kivian Language Family|Kivian Languages]]. It was spoken by the [[Kivian People]] in the [[Reskan Peninsula]] from [[Srónos Calendar|-2150]] to -1500. Proto Kivian is attested through thousands of [[List of Proto Kivian Runic Inscriptions|runic inscriptions]] that provide linguists a near-complete understanding of the language.
  -->, Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, [[RUNICINSCRIPTIONPLACEHOLDER|tanlausenti]] (ˈtɑnlɑuseːndi)) is the common ancestor of the [[Kivian Language Family|Kivian Languages]]. It was spoken by the [[Kivian People]] in the [[Reskan Peninsula]] from [[Srónos Calendar|-2150]] to -1500. Proto Kivian is attested through thousands of [[List of Proto Kivian Runic Inscriptions|runic inscriptions]] that provide linguists a near-complete understanding of the language.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate level 2 (low-allophonic) reconstruction of the language’s sounds through analyzation of the phonology of modern dialects of Kivian languages.
Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate level 2 (low-allophonic) reconstruction of the language’s sounds through analysis of the phonology of modern dialects of Kivian languages.


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- style="text-align:middle;"
 
|+
 
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Bilabial
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Bilabial
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Dental
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="4" | Velar
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Plain
! colspan="2" | Labialised
|-
! Nasal
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|m
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|n
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|(ŋ)
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|(ŋʷ)
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|-
! Plosive
| style="border-right:0;"| p|| style="border-left:0;" |b
| style="border-right:0;"| t|| style="border-left:0;" |d
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
| style="border-right:0;"| k|| style="border-left:0;" |(g)
| style="border-right:0;"| xʷ|| style="border-left:0;" |(gʷ)
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|-
|-
|Plain
! Fricative
|Labialised
| style="border-right:0;"| ɸ|| style="border-left:0;" |(β)
| style="border-right:0;"| θ|| style="border-left:0;" |(ð)
| style="border-right:0;"| s|| style="border-left:0;" |z
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
| style="border-right:0;"| x|| style="border-left:0;" |ɣ
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" |ɣʷ
| style="border-right:0;"| h|| style="border-left:0;" |
|-
|-
!'''Nasal'''
! Trill
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|r
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|-
|-
!'''Plosive'''
! Approximant
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| (l̥)?|| style="border-left:0;" |l
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|j
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|w
|
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|
|}
Transcription Notes:
 
# /ɸ/ is transcribed as ''f''.
# /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as ''h₂'' and ''g'' respectively.
# /h/ is transcribed as ''h₁''.
# Labialised consonants are written as a consonant with a w following it.
 
Allophone Notes:
 
# /b/ was (β) medially unless after /m/.
# /d/ was (ð) medially unless after /n/ or /l/.
# /ɣ/ was (g) after /n/.
# /ɣʷ/ was (gʷ) after /n/.
# /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/.
# /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/
# The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages.
 
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="5" |Oral
! colspan="5" |Nasal
|-
|-
!'''Fricative'''
! colspan="2" | Front
|
! colspan="3" |Back
|
! colspan="2" |Front
|
! colspan="3" |Back
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!'''Trill'''
!Short
|
!Long
|
!Short
|
!Long
|
!Overlong
|
!Short
|
!Long
|
!Short
!Long
!Overlong
|-
|-
!'''Approximant'''
! Close
|
| style="border-right:0;" | i
|iː
|u
|uː
|
|
|ĩ
|ĩː
|ũ
|ũː
|
|
|-
! Mid
|e
|eː æː
|
|
|oː
|oːː
|
|
|
|
|
|
|õː
|õːː
|-
|-
!'''Lateral Approximant'''
! Open
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ
|ɑː
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ̃
|ɑ̃ː
|
|
|}
|}
__INDEX__
Transcription Notes:
 
# Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).
# Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).
# /æː/ is represented by ''ē'' while /eː/ is represented by ''ē₁.''
# Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).
 
The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence of them comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.

Latest revision as of 12:40, 3 December 2025

Proto Kivian (Reska: Ealke Tanlausend [ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd], Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, tanlausenti (ˈtɑnlɑuseːndi)) is the common ancestor of the Kivian Languages. It was spoken by the Kivian People in the Reskan Peninsula from -2150 to -1500. Proto Kivian is attested through thousands of runic inscriptions that provide linguists a near-complete understanding of the language.

Phonology

Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate level 2 (low-allophonic) reconstruction of the language’s sounds through analysis of the phonology of modern dialects of Kivian languages.

Consonants

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plain Labialised
Nasal m n (ŋ) (ŋʷ)
Plosive p b t d k (g) xʷ (gʷ)
Fricative ɸ (β) θ (ð) s z x ɣ ɣʷ h
Trill r
Approximant (l̥)? l j w

Transcription Notes:

  1. /ɸ/ is transcribed as f.
  2. /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as h₂ and g respectively.
  3. /h/ is transcribed as h₁.
  4. Labialised consonants are written as a consonant with a w following it.

Allophone Notes:

  1. /b/ was (β) medially unless after /m/.
  2. /d/ was (ð) medially unless after /n/ or /l/.
  3. /ɣ/ was (g) after /n/.
  4. /ɣʷ/ was (gʷ) after /n/.
  5. /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/.
  6. /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/
  7. The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages.

Vowels

Oral Nasal
Front Back Front Back
Short Long Short Long Overlong Short Long Short Long Overlong
Close i iː u uː ĩ ĩː ũ ũː
Mid e eː æː oː oːː õː õːː
Open ɑ ɑː ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː

Transcription Notes:

  1. Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).
  2. Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).
  3. /æː/ is represented by ē while /eː/ is represented by ē₁.
  4. Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).

The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence of them comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.

Retrieved from "https://wiki.reproka.net/index.php?title=Proto_Kivian&oldid=220"