Proto Kivian: Difference between revisions
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'''Proto Kivian''' ([[Reska]]: Ealke Tanlausend [[Reproka Phonetic Alphabet|[ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd]]]<!-- TODO - SCRIPT | '''Proto Kivian''' ([[Reska]]: Ealke Tanlausend [[Reproka Phonetic Alphabet|[ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd]]]<!-- TODO - SCRIPT | ||
-->, Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, [[RUNICINSCRIPTIONPLACEHOLDER|tanlausenti]] | -->, Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, [[RUNICINSCRIPTIONPLACEHOLDER|tanlausenti]] (ˈtɑnlɑuseːndi)) is the common ancestor of the [[Kivian Language Family|Kivian Languages]]. It was spoken by the [[Kivian People]] in the [[Reskan Peninsula]] from [[Srónos Calendar|-2150]] to -1500. Proto Kivian is attested through thousands of [[List of Proto Kivian Runic Inscriptions|runic inscriptions]] that provide linguists a near-complete understanding of the language. | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate | Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate level 2 (low-allophonic) reconstruction of the language’s sounds through analysis of the phonology of modern dialects of Kivian languages. | ||
=== | === Consonants === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|m | |||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|n | |||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|(ŋ) | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|(ŋʷ) | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" | | | style="border-right:0;"| p|| style="border-left:0;" |b | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" | | | style="border-right:0;"| t|| style="border-left:0;" |d | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" | | | style="border-right:0;"| k|| style="border-left:0;" |(g) | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" | | | style="border-right:0;"| xʷ|| style="border-left:0;" |(gʷ) | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" | | | style="border-right:0;"| ɸ|| style="border-left:0;" |(β) | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" | | | style="border-right:0;"| θ|| style="border-left:0;" |(ð) | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" | | | style="border-right:0;"| s|| style="border-left:0;" |z | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| x|| style="border-left:0;" |ɣ | |||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;" |ɣʷ | |||
| style="border-right:0;"| h|| style="border-left:0;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Trill | ! Trill | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|r | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| (l̥)?|| style="border-left:0;" |l | |||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|j | |||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"|w | ||
| style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | | style="border-right:0;"| || style="border-left:0;"| | ||
|} | |} | ||
Transcription Notes: | |||
# /ɸ/ is transcribed as ''f''. | |||
# /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as ''h₂'' and ''g'' respectively. | |||
# /h/ is transcribed as ''h₁''. | |||
Allophone Notes: | |||
# /b/ was (β) medially unless after /m/. | |||
# /d/ was (ð) medially unless after /n/ or /l/. | |||
# /ɣ/ was (g) after /n/. | |||
# /ɣʷ/ was (gʷ) after /n/. | |||
# /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/. | |||
# /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/ | |||
# The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative. | |||
Revision as of 23:19, 1 December 2025
Proto Kivian (Reska: Ealke Tanlausend [ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd], Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, tanlausenti (ˈtɑnlɑuseːndi)) is the common ancestor of the Kivian Languages. It was spoken by the Kivian People in the Reskan Peninsula from -2150 to -1500. Proto Kivian is attested through thousands of runic inscriptions that provide linguists a near-complete understanding of the language.
Phonology
Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate level 2 (low-allophonic) reconstruction of the language’s sounds through analysis of the phonology of modern dialects of Kivian languages.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Labialised | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | (ŋʷ) | ||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | (g) | xʷ | (gʷ) | ||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | (β) | θ | (ð) | s | z | x | ɣ | ɣʷ | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | (l̥)? | l | j | w | ||||||||||
Transcription Notes:
- /ɸ/ is transcribed as f.
- /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as h₂ and g respectively.
- /h/ is transcribed as h₁.
Allophone Notes:
- /b/ was (β) medially unless after /m/.
- /d/ was (ð) medially unless after /n/ or /l/.
- /ɣ/ was (g) after /n/.
- /ɣʷ/ was (gʷ) after /n/.
- /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/.
- /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/
- The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative.