Proto Kivian: Difference between revisions
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# /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/ | # /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/ | ||
# The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages. | # The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages. | ||
=== Vowels === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | Front | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! | |||
! | |||
|- | |||
! Nasal | |||
| style="border-right:0;" | || style="border-left:0;" |m | |||
| style="border-right:0;" | | |||
|- | |||
! Plosive | |||
| style="border-right:0;" | p|| style="border-left:0;" |b | |||
| style="border-right:0;" | t | |||
|- | |||
! Fricative | |||
| style="border-right:0;" | ɸ|| style="border-left:0;" |(β) | |||
| style="border-right:0;" | θ | |||
|} | |||
Revision as of 09:48, 3 December 2025
Proto Kivian (Reska: Ealke Tanlausend [ˈealkə ˈtɑnlausənd], Proto Kivian *tanlausē₁ndi, tanlausenti (ˈtɑnlɑuseːndi)) is the common ancestor of the Kivian Languages. It was spoken by the Kivian People in the Reskan Peninsula from -2150 to -1500. Proto Kivian is attested through thousands of runic inscriptions that provide linguists a near-complete understanding of the language.
Phonology
Proto Kivian’s phonology is largely speculative, but linguists are able to get a relatively accurate level 2 (low-allophonic) reconstruction of the language’s sounds through analysis of the phonology of modern dialects of Kivian languages.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Labialised | |||||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | (ŋʷ) | ||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | (g) | xʷ | (gʷ) | ||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | (β) | θ | (ð) | s | z | x | ɣ | ɣʷ | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | (l̥)? | l | j | w | ||||||||||
Transcription Notes:
- /ɸ/ is transcribed as f.
- /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as h₂ and g respectively.
- /h/ is transcribed as h₁.
Allophone Notes:
- /b/ was (β) medially unless after /m/.
- /d/ was (ð) medially unless after /n/ or /l/.
- /ɣ/ was (g) after /n/.
- /ɣʷ/ was (gʷ) after /n/.
- /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/.
- /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/
- The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages.
Vowels
| Front | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | ||
| Plosive | p | b | t |
| Fricative | ɸ | (β) | θ |