Proto Kivian - Revision history

OttoTheKotto: /* Vowels */

2025-12-03T17:40:23Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 3 December 2025
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	# /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as ''h₂'' and ''g'' respectively.		# /x/ and /ɣ/ are transcribed as ''h₂'' and ''g'' respectively.
	# /h/ is transcribed as ''h₁''.		# /h/ is transcribed as ''h₁''.
			# Labialised consonants are written as a consonant with a w following it.

	Allophone Notes:		Allophone Notes:
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	# Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).		# Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).
	# Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).		# Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).
	# /æː/ is represented by ''ē'' while /eː/ is represented by ē''₁.''		# /æː/ is represented by ''ē'' while /eː/ is represented by ''ē₁.''
	# Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).		# Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).

	The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence of them comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.		The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence of them comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.

2025-12-03T17:34:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:34, 3 December 2025
Line 143:		Line 143:
	# Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).		# Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).
	# Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).		# Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).
	# /æː/ is represented by ''ē'' while /eː/ is represented by ''e₁.''		# /æː/ is represented by ''ē'' while /eː/ is represented by ē''₁.''
	# Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).		# Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).

	The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.		The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence of them comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.

2025-12-03T16:10:47Z

Vowels

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:10, 3 December 2025
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
			Transcription Notes:

			# Long vowels are represented by a macron (ā).
			# Nasal vowels are represented by an ogonek (ą).
			# /æː/ is represented by ''ē'' while /eː/ is represented by ''e₁.''
			# Overlong vowels are represented by a circumflex (ô).

			The existence of overlong /oːː/ and /õːː/ are debated; most evidence comes through the occasional doubling of vowels in runic inscriptions.

2025-12-03T16:01:35Z

2025-12-03T15:59:58Z

2025-12-03T15:58:48Z

2025-12-03T15:56:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:56, 3 December 2025
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	=== Vowels ===		=== Vowels ===
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
			! rowspan="3" \|
	! ~~rowspan~~="2" \|		! colspan="5" \|Oral
	! colspan="3" \| Front		! colspan="5" \|Nasal
			\|-
			! colspan="2" \| Front
			! colspan="3" \|Back
			! colspan="2" \|Front
	! colspan="3" \|Back		! colspan="3" \|Back
	\|-		\|-
			!Short
			!Long
	!Short		!Short
	!Long		!Long
	!Overlong		!Overlong
			!Short
			!Long
	!Short		!Short
	!Long		!Long
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	\|-		\|-
	! Close		! Close
	\| style="border-right:0;" \|		\| style="border-right:0;" \| i
			\|iː
			\|u
			\|
			\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! Mid		! Mid
			\|e
			\|eː æː
			\|
			\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	! Open		! Open
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|

2025-12-03T14:50:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 3 December 2025
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	! rowspan="2" \|		! rowspan="2" \|
	! colspan="3" \| Front		! colspan="3" \| Front
			! colspan="3" \|Back
	\|-		\|-
	!		!Short
	!		!Long
	!		!Overlong
			!Short
			!Long
			!Overlong
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Nasal~~		! Close
	\| style="border-right:0;" \| \|\| ~~style="border-left:0;"~~ \|m		\| style="border-right:0;" \|
	\| ~~style="border-right:0;"~~ \|		\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Plosive~~		! Mid
	\| ~~style="border-right:0;"~~ \| p\|\| ~~style="border-left:0;"~~ \|b		\|
	\| ~~style="border-right:0;" \| t~~		\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	! ~~Fricative~~		! Open
	\| ~~style="border-right:0;"~~ \| ɸ\|\| ~~style="border-left:0;"~~ \|~~(β)~~		\|
	\| ~~style="border-right:0;" \| θ~~		\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
	\|}		\|}

2025-12-03T14:48:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:48, 3 December 2025
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	# /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/		# /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/
	# The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages.		# The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages.

			=== Vowels ===
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

			! rowspan="2" \|
			! colspan="3" \| Front
			\|-
			!
			!
			!
			\|-
			! Nasal
			\| style="border-right:0;" \| \|\| style="border-left:0;" \|m
			\| style="border-right:0;" \|
			\|-
			! Plosive
			\| style="border-right:0;" \| p\|\| style="border-left:0;" \|b
			\| style="border-right:0;" \| t
			\|-
			! Fricative
			\| style="border-right:0;" \| ɸ\|\| style="border-left:0;" \|(β)
			\| style="border-right:0;" \| θ
			\|}

2025-12-02T04:21:09Z

Consonants

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 1 December 2025
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	# /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/.		# /n/ was (ŋ) before /ɣ/ or /k/.
	# /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/		# /n/ was (ŋʷ) before /ɣʷ/ or /kʷ/
	# The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative.		# The existence of (l̥) is strongly debated. It is hypothesised to have occurred when /l/ was adjacent to a voiceless fricative but there is no evidence of the allophone in modern descendants of Kivian languages.